IELTS 小作文
介绍
【考察要求】
在20分钟内用至少150个词对所给的图进行客观描述、整体概括和对比分析，要求快速解读信息，组织信息、表达信息。
【作文要求】
1 | Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. |
【整体框架】
- 引言复述（Introduction）：用自己的话改写题目中的介绍句，说明该图表的主题以及元信息
- 总体概述（Overview）：给出数据的概括性宏观描述
- 细节描述（Description）：选取两到三个特征或趋势，用具体数字支持
- 对比阐述（Comparison）：对比不同类别之间的差异，描述波动/拐点/异常
【图表类型】
- 数值图
- 曲线图：line graph
- 饼状图：pie chart
- 柱状图：bar chart
- 表格：table
- 非数值图
- 地图：map
- 流程图：process
数值图
引言
【格式】
类型 + 内容 + 对象 + 类别 + 地点 + 时间
【动词】
highlight / emphasize / underline：突出、强调
illustrate / demonstrate / illuminate：说明、演示
display / present：展示
compare：对比
【时间范围】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 强调特定的离散时间点 | in the two particular years, [年份1] and [年份2] |
| 三个以上离散的时间点 | in several selected years |
| 多个相同间隔的时间点 | at a five-year interval between [起始年份] and [结束年份] |
| 多个不同间隔的时间点 | across various points from [起始年份] to [结束年份] |
| 从过去到现在的一段时间 | over the past [阶段] |
| 从过去到某个时间点的一段时间 | over the [阶段] leading up to [时间点] |
| 从过去的某年到某年 | for the period [起始年份] to [结束年份] |
| 在两个不同的阶段 | over two periods: [时间点] and [时间点] |
| 在特定时间下达成的成就 | attained in [时间] |
【类别范围】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 关于某个类型 | in terms of [类型] |
| 关于某个方面 | with regard to [类型] |
| 针对若干个类型 | divided into [类型列表] |
| 针对若干个类型 | broken down into [数量] categories: [类型列表] |
| 关于若干个组别 | across [类型] brackets |
| 按照若干个组别划分 | by different types of [类型] |
概述
最明显的特征包括：最值，恒值，差异和趋势
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 趋势 | Overall, there was a significant upward/downward trend in [方面]. |
| 峰值 | In general, [方面] increased steadily, peaking at [水平] in [时间]. |
| 程度各异 | As a whole, [方面] climbed/declined consistently in all groups, albeit to varying degrees. |
| 明显超过 | Actually, it is immediately apparent that [对象1] outperformed [对象2] regarding [方面]. |
| 远远超过 | [对象1] outpaced [对象2] by a wide margin in terms of [方面]. |
| 稳定 | [方面] remained relatively constant at around [水平]. |
| 幅度变化 | [方面] merely experienced minor/major fluctuations over the period. |
| 轻微变化 | [方面] saw modest gains in [时间或地点] |
| 巨大增长和轻微减少 | [方面1] rose significantly in [时间或地点], whereas [方面2] declined slightly by comparison. |
| 最高和最低 | [方面] reached a peak in [时间], while it hit a low in [时间]. |
| 转折正反面 | By contrast, the exact opposite trend can be seen on [方面]. |
| 优先级与转折 | [对象1] favour [方面] most, followed by [对象2] and [对象3], whereas [对象2] show completely opposite preference. |
| 转折方面 | Nevertheless, [对象] also saw the most dramatic increase/decrease in [方面]. |
| 转折份额 | Overall, [对象1] account for the largest portion of [方面], whereas [对象2] just constitutes the smallest slice. |
主体
【数据变化】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 增长 | increase to / rise to / climb to / grow to |
| 下降 | decrease to / fall to |
| 骤增 | soar to / surge to |
| 骤降 | slump to / plummet to |
| 到达 | reach / hit / stand at |
| 保持 | remain steady at / maintain |
| 顶峰 | peak at / attain its highest point at / climb to its peak at |
| 低谷 | bottom out at / fall to its lowest point at |
【数据对比】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 相比之下 | in contrast |
| 与此相反 | by contrast |
| 与之对比 | compared to / relative to |
| 远超过 | [对象1] outpace [对象2] by |
| 远落后 | [对象1] lag behind [对象2] by |
| 差距缩小/扩大 | gap between [对象1] and [对象2] narrow / widen |
| 反超 | [对象1] exceed / surpass [对象2] for the first time |
| 扭转趋势 | reverse the trend / the pattern shift / a reversal occur |
【区间】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 年龄分组 | 24x-30s / under-26s |
| 区间分组 | in the 2000-4000 bracket |
| 相同分组 | over the same xxx groups |
| 定语分组 | those with [方面] between xx and yy / over xx / below xx |
【衔接】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 两个图表 | Turning to / As for / With regard to |
| 就…而言 | In terms of / In the case for / When it comes to |
| 随后 | subsequently / thereafter |
| 与此同时 | meanwhile / at the same time |
| 尽管如此 | nevertheless / nonetheless |
万能句型
值得注意的是，原本是…占据…的最大比例，但是在…年后Y主导了
1 | It is notable that <> accounted for the largest share of <>, whereas <> dominated by <> years later. |
…模式在其他类别发生了不同程度的变化，除了…在整个期间几乎保持相同比例
1 | <> patterns have shifted to varying degrees in the other categories, except for <>, which almost remained at <> throughout the period. |
… 曾经是最大比例…在…年，骤降到了…至…年
1 | <>, which used to be the largest slice at <> in <>, slumped to <> by <>. |
与此同时，<> 均减少了一半，分别从…降至…，表明对…的重视程度有所降低
1 | Meanwhile, <> as well as <> were both halved, falling from <> to <> and from <> to <> respectively, reflecting a reduced emphasis on <>. |
相比之下，…的增长幅度最大，从…骤增到…，超过了…从…到…的增长速度
1 | By contrast, <> experienced the most considerable growth, with its share soaring from <> to <>, outpacing <>'s rise from <> to <>. |
此外，…翻了一番到…，而此前是…
1 | Additionally, <> doubled to <>, compared to <> previously. |
然而，…占比维持在…水平，因此是变化最小的类别
1 | Nonetheless, <> maintained its proportion at around <>, making it the least changed category. |
然而，…从…到…快速增长直到…，第一次在…超越了…
1 | However, <> rose rapidly from <> to <> by <>, surpassing <> for the first time in 1960. |
…经历了上升趋势，并且在…已接近饱和状态
1 | <> experienced an upward trend, nearing saturation in 2000. |
…到达了顶峰在…，与…相比，谁很难进一步提升，并稳定在…
1 | <> reached its peak at <> in <>, compared to <>, which struggled to increase and plateaued at around <>. |
与此同时，…呈现出完全相反的趋势，从…急剧下降到…
1 | Meanwhile, <> showed a completely opposite trend, slumping sharply from <> in <> to <> in <>. |
不过，他随后下降到…，只有…的x分之一水平
1 | Nevertheless, it subsequently dropped to <> in <>, only one <> / a half of the 1920 level. |
…占据了最大比例，是…的两倍比例还多
1 | <> comprised the largest share at <> in <>, more than twice the share of <>. |
相应地，最流行的是…和…，每一个都是…，然而…只达到了…
1 | Accordingly, the most popular <> were <> and <>, each at <>, whereas <> only amounted to 2%. |
这种模式表明人们更倾向于…，而…似乎丧失了吸引力
1 | This pattern reflected a shift toward <>, while <> seemed to lose its appeal. |
范文
The two given bar charts illustrate the students’ main reasons for studing across five age groups, as well as the proportion of support received from employers, including time off and fee assistance.
两个子图，先用常规方法说明第一个子图，然后用 as well as 衔接第二个子图；比例可以用 the proportion of 表示；当有补充信息时，用 including 说明
Overall, it is immediately apparent that students under 26 study mainly for career, whereas those over 49 study primarily out of interest. Employer support reaches its peak among the youngest age group, while it hits its low in the 30–39 age group.
很明显的可以看出年轻人为工作学习，老年人为工作学习；雇主的扶持对最年轻的组别最多，但是对38-39的组别最少
Turning to the first chart, under-26s study overwhelmingly for career (approximately 80%), but this share falls to 68% in the 26-29 bracket and further to 55% in the 30-39 bracket. Meanwhile, interest-driven study rises from 10% to 25% over the same age groups. In the 40-49 range, both motives stand equally at about 40%, before those over 49 reverse the trend, with over 70% studying out of interest compared to only 18% for career.
26岁以下压倒性的是为职业学习；但是比例逐渐下降，而为兴趣学习的比例逐渐上升；到了40-49岁两种动机的比例持平；接着到了49岁以上出现了反转，将近70%的人为兴趣学习对比于只有18%的人为职业学习
As for employer support, it peaks at nearly 70% for under-26s, but halved to around 35% for 30-39s. It then climbs slightly to 38% in the 40-49 group and reaches about 48% for those over 49, mirroring a pattern in which support is relatively high for the youngest and the oldest.
在26岁以下到达峰值70%，但是骤降至一半35%在30-39岁；随后微微增涨到38%和48%；反映出雇主支持对年轻人和老年人更多
The bar chart compares the number of US households (in millions) across five annual income brackets in 2007, 2011 and 2015.
across 类型范围，in 说明时间范围；把 US 直接作为 households 的修饰；用括号 (in millions) 补充说明单位信息。
Overall, the $75,000-$99,999 remains the lowest in all given years, while the $50,000-$74,999 bracket merely experiences minor fluctuations. Nevertheless, the other three brackets maintain relatively high throughout the period, albeit to varying degrees.
有一组在三年都是最低的，这显然是最显著的特征；有一组几乎没有什么波动，这个也是比较明显的特征；其他三个组有的先升后降，有的先降后升，但都是处于相对较高水平的，只是具体数目有所不同
With regard to households with the highest annual income, the number fell from 29 million in 2007 to 27 million in 2011, while it subsequently soared to 33 million in 2015. The $25,000-$49,999 bracket reached its peak at 30 million in 2011, surpassing the other four brackets, before it decreased to 28 million in 2015. In contrast, the $50000-$74999 bracket remained almost unchanged at nearly 21 million and the $75000-$99999 bracket hovered around 14 million over the period, making them the two smallest groups.
第五组先降后增；第二组在2011年到达峰值并成为五个组别中最多的；第三组和第四组则保持相对稳定
Meanwhile, those earning less than $25,000 presented an upward trend, with 30 million in 2011 and 28 million in 2015 compared to 26 million in 2007. Therefore, the gap between the low income group and the middle income group widened progressively from 2007 to 2015. Although the gap between the low income group and the high income group narrowed in 2011 relative to 2007, it then became even more significant, reaching around 5 million by 2015.
第一组有上升趋势；因此低收入和中等收入的差距越来越大；但是和高等收入的差距先减小再增大
The three pie charts compare three types of nutrients, namely sodium, saturated fats and added sugars, with regard to four typical meals consumed in the USA.
大的类别是营养物质，小的类别是四餐；营养物质可以用 namely 仔细说明是哪三种；用 with regard to 关联四餐
In general, the three nutrients account for similar proportions at breakfast and lunch, whereas they vary considerably at dinner and snacks. Moreover, dinner constitutes the largest slice of both sodium and saturated fat, while the snacks make up the largest slice of added sugar.
营养物质在早餐和午餐的占比没有特别大的变化，但是在其他两餐却有显著变化；晚餐中钠和饱和脂肪的占比最多，而小吃中添加糖的占比最多
Turning first to sodium, dinner and lunch together make up 72% of total intake, with dinner alone constituting 43%, over three times breakfast’s proportion at 14%. In terms of saturated fat, dinner again leads at 37%, followed by lunch at 26%, while breakfast and snacks split the remaining 35%.
晚餐和午餐共同占据了钠的半壁江山72%；其中单独晚餐就占据了43%，是早餐的三倍14%；而饱和脂肪晚餐依旧领先37%，紧随的是午餐26%，早餐和小吃分剩下的35%
As for added sugar, snacks make up the biggest share at 42%, overtaking dinner, which accounts for only 23%, while lunch and breakfast constitute 19% and 16% respectively. Overall, dinner dominates nutrient consumption, whereas breakfast consistently contributes the least.
小吃占据添加糖的绝大部分42%，超过了晚餐23%；午餐和早餐各自分别占19%和16%；可以得出晚餐在营养物质中始终具有统治地位，而早餐一直是占据最小份额的
The six pie charts compare the percentage of water used across six world regions, divided into three purposes: industrial, agricultural and domestic use.
用 across 说明覆盖了多个区域；areas 可以用 regions 代替；每个区域都有三个相同的作用划分，可以用 divided into；如果类别较少，可以用冒号列出类别列表
Overall, agricultural use accounts for the largest share of water consumption in all regions except North America and Europe, where industrial use predominates. In contrast, domestic use remains relatively low across all six areas.
南美、非洲、亚洲农业用水最多；北美和欧洲工业用水最多；生活用水的占比在六个地方都普遍较少
It is immediately apparent that agricultural use dominates in Africa, Central Asia and South East Asia at 84%, 88% and 81% respectively, significantly outpacing other uses. In these regions, industrial use ranges from 7% to 9% and domestic use from 5% to 12%, with their combined share never exceeding 20%.
这三个地方农业用水是大头80%多，显著多于其他用途；工业用水和居民用水很少，而且合起来都不超过20%
In South America, agricultural use still leads at 71% although domestic use rises to 19%. In contrast, North America and Europe experience a complete reversal that industrial use constitutes the largest share at 48% and 53%, followed by agricultural use at 39% and 32%, and domestic use at approximately 14%.
在南美洲，农业用水依旧是头部，但是居民用水增加到了19%；相比之下，北美洲和欧洲是完全相反的情况，即工业用水占据主导，紧随其后的是农业用水，最后才是居民用水
The line graph illustrates participant numbers for five activities at a social centre in Melbourne, Australia, at five-year intervals between 2000 and 2020.
the number of xxx 可以替换为 the xxx numbers for …；如果是具体数值而不是比例，用 for 会比 across 贴切；如果时间具有相同间隙，可以用 at xx-year intervals between … and … 描述
Overall, participation in table tennis and musical performances experienced a significant upward trend between 2000 and 2020, whereas amateur dramatics saw a sharp decline. Film club and martial arts participation remained consistently high, with the former maintaining the highest participation levels throughout the period.
乒乓球和音乐表演呈明显的上升趋势；戏剧表演的人数大幅下降；电影的参与人数最高
Turning first to amateur dramatics, the number of participants reached its peak at 28 in 2005, before plunging to just 5 by 2020. In contrast, participation in table tennis soared significantly from around 16 in 2000 to over 50 by 2020, while participation in musical performances climbed steadily from virtually 0 in the early years to nearly 19 by 2020.
戏剧在2005到达峰值，随后一跌到底；相比之下乒乓球一路飞升，音乐表演也稳步提升
As for the film club, participation remained consistently high, fluctuating between 60 and 70 over the period, far outpacing the other activities. Martial arts likewise held constant at about 30 to 40. Meanwhile, table tennis overtook martial arts for the first time by a narrow margin in 2015, whereas it subsequently extended its lead to approximately 10 by 2020.
电影俱乐部一直保持在较高水准，远超其他活动；武术也很稳定，但是在2015年第一次被乒乓球超越，并在2020年被拉开差距
The table compares the proportion of people living in poverty by six family types in Australia in 1999, together with the overall poverty rate across all households.
by … 表示根据类别划分；together with 表示并列关系；overall 表示整体信息
As a whole, sole parent families experienced the highest incidence of poverty, whereas aged couples saw the lowest poverty rate. Notably, half of the provided household types recorded poverty rates above the overall rate.
最高的是单亲家长，最低的是老年夫妇；一半种类超过了整体值
Turning first to the lowest proportions, only 6% of single aged people and 4% of aged couples lived in poverty, both well below the overall rate of 11%. In comparison, single people without children recorded a much higher poverty rate of 19%, while childless couples stood at 7%.
先看到最小比例，单身老人6%和老年夫妻4%的贫困率最低，远远低于整体贫困率11%；作为对比，单身的贫困率却高达19%，而无小孩夫妻在7%
At the other extreme, sole parents had the highest incidence at 21%, exceeding the overall rate by a wide margin. Although couples with children had a low poverty rate of 12%, lagging 9 percentage points behind sole parents, they nonetheless comprised the greatest number of individuals in poverty at 933,000, roughly four times the 232,000 sole parents.
另一个极端，单亲家庭的发生率最高为21%，远远超过了整体水平；尽管有孩子家庭的贫困率只有12%，低于单亲家庭9个点；但是他贫困人数933000却足足是单亲家庭的4倍232000
The two tables compare the sales (in millions of euros) of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in five European countries in 1999 and 2004.
单位一般标注在 sales, number, amount 的后面
Overall, both coffee and banana sales rose significantly in the UK and Switzerland between 1999 and 2004. Coffee sales saw modest gains in the other three countries, whereas banana sales declined slightly in Sweden and Denmark by comparison.
香蕉和咖啡在英国和瑞士的销量增加了；咖啡在其他三个国家也稍微增加了；但是香蕉在瑞典和丹麦却小幅度减少了
Turning first to coffee, sales soared from 1.5 million in 1999 to 20 million in 2004 in the UK, an increase of over tenfold. Meanwhile, sales in Switzerland and Belgium also doubled, while sales in Denmark and Sweden both rose slightly by 0.2 million. In general, all five countries saw sales growth, albeit to varying degrees.
咖啡在英国销量骤增从1.5到20，超过十倍；咖啡在瑞士和比利时的销量也翻倍了；在丹麦和瑞典只是小幅度增长了0.2；全部国家都增长，只不过程度不一
As for bananas, sales followed the same pattern over the period in the UK, Switzerland and Belgium, surging significantly from 1 to 5.5 million, 15 to 47 million and 0.6 to 4 million respectively, whereas sales dropped by 0.8 million in Sweden and by 1.1 million in Denmark. Notably, bananas were sold much better than coffee, while the UK experienced the opposite trend, with coffee outpacing bananas.
香蕉在英国、瑞士和比利时也呈现出相同骤增趋势；但是在瑞典和丹麦却减少了；值得注意的是，在瑞士香蕉比咖啡卖的好，但是在英国却相反
The first pie chart illustrates the distribution of dance classes by location in a town in Australia, while the second bar chart presents the number of students in three dance genres for two age groups.
比例分配可以用 distribution，数量用 number；按照xxx手段来划分用 by，在xxx类别之中用 in，针对xxx范围用 for；地点信息通常放在第一个主句中
Overall, the pie chart reveals that private studios account for the largest proportion of dance classes location, while college-based studios comprise the smallest. The bar chart indicates that younger students incline to ballet most, followed by tap and modern, whereas the older students show the completely opposite preference.
饼图说明最大比例和最小比例；柱状图说明两个完全相反的选择倾向
Turning first to location, private studios constitute the largest slice at 48%, twice the proportion of school halls at 24%, with their shares combined accounting for approximately three-quarters of all classes. Community halls account for 18%, followed by college-based studios at 10%, lagging 38 percentage points behind private studios.
私人工作室占据了最大份额48%，是学校礼堂的两倍24%；他们一起占据了接近四分之三；社区礼堂占据了18%；最后是大学工作室占据了10%，落后于私人工作室38%
As for the types, ballet dominates the preference with over 600 students, outpacing tap and modern at 440 and 300 respectively. In contrast, student figures experience a complete reversal among students aged 11 to 16, with modern soaring to over 500 and ballet slumping to below 300, while tap drops slightly by roughly 20 participants.
小孩中，芭蕾统治了选择600，远超踢踏舞的440和现代舞的300；相反，青年人中现代舞骤增至500多，芭蕾骤降至300下，tap轻微减少了20
地图
引言
【格式】
类型 + 变化 + 地点 + 时间 + 角度
【变化】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 一般情况 | present a comparison of the layout of [地点] in [时间] and its current form |
| 强调某个时间点的事件 | compare [地点] as it first appeared in [时间1] with [时间2] |
【角度】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 新增和删除 | highlighting the main additions and removals |
| 宏观变化 | revealing key developments in land use and infrastructure/facilities |
| 局部变化 | showing both functional changes to individual room and fundamental alterations to overall layout |
概述
最明显的特征包括：设备的添删，区域的填删，布局的调整
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 设施改变 | Overall, the area evidently underwent significant redevelopment, with new [设施1] added and [设施2] removed. |
| 区域改变 | In general, the layout was extensively reorganized, expanding [区域1] while reducing [区域2]. |
| 建筑改变 | Notable alterations include the construction of [楼房1], as well as the demolition of [楼房2]. |
| 建筑没变，建筑延伸 | While [楼房1] remain in their original positions, [楼房2] are extensively reorganized, extending towards the north and the west. |
主体
【方位】in/on the xxx of 表示在区域的xx内，to the xxx of 表示在区域的xx边
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 上/下/左/右 | above / below / left / right |
| 东/南/西/北 | north / south / west / east |
| 最东/南/西/北（at） | northernmost / southernmost / westernmost / easternmost point |
| 边缘（on） | northern / southern / western / eastern edge |
| 角落（at） | northeast / northwest / southeast / southwest corner |
| 中间 | at the heart of / at the centre of / in the middle of |
| 邻近 | adjacent to / next to / a short distance from |
| 邻近的 | adjoining |
| 对面 | opposite |
| 包围 | be surrounded by |
| 周围 | around |
| 远处 | beyond |
| 沿着 | along |
| 在道路的两侧 | on either side of |
| 在道路的另一侧 | on the other side of the road |
【动词】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 坐落 | lie / stand / sit / be located / be situated |
| 包含 | contain / feature |
| 作为 | serve as / function as / be utilized as |
| 新建 | be added / be introduced / be constructed / be established |
| 拆除 | be removed / be demolished |
| 替换 | be replaced by |
| 存储 | store / house / reserve / hold |
| 重定位 | be relocated to / be moved to |
| 排成一行/列 | line |
| 通往 | lead to |
| 延伸到 | extend to |
| 分隔 | separate from |
| 计划 | be intended to / be planned to |
【地点】
| 名称 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 环岛 | roundabout |
| 十字路口 | crossroad |
| 设施 | facilities |
| 基础建设 | infrastructure |
| 便民设施 | amenities |
万能句型
这两张地图将…的布局与其当前的外观进行了对比
1 | The two given maps compare the layout of <> in <> with its current appearance. |
…已从单纯的农业区域转变为一个集休闲和零售设施于一体的多功能区域
1 | <> has shifted from purely agricultural region to a multifunctional site featuring leisure and retail facilities. |
…已经进行了大规模的重新开发，在…还新增了新的…，但是在…一侧只有少量的改动
1 | <> has been extensively redeveloped, with new <> added in the <>, while only minor modifications have occurred on the <> side. |
重要的新增内容包括…，而…已被删除并替换为…
1 | Notable additions include <>, while <> has been removed and replaced by <>. |
一个显著的变化是…的位置发生了变动，而…则仍保持在原来紧靠在…的位置
1 | One notable change is the relocation of <>, whereas <> largely remain in their original positions adjoining to <>. |
在…处将引入各种基础设施，其中包括…，而…则位于其右侧
1 | Various infrastructure will be introduced in <> including <>, with <> immediately lying to their right. |
…本身仍保持原位，但…已从东侧移至西侧，而…则紧挨着它的<>
1 | The <> itself remains in place, but <> has been relocated from the east side to the south, with <> situated immediately to its <>. |
一条向北流淌的河流将…地区与远方的…分隔开来，而一系列…建筑则建在了…河岸旁
1 | A river flowing northward separates the <> area from the distant <>, while a cluster of <> has been constructed along the <> riverbank. |
这条道路不再通向<>，而是延伸到了<>
1 | The road, which no longer leads to <>, but instead extends to the <>. |
之前的…已转变为…，在其下方是…和…
1 | The previous <> has been transformed into <>, below which stand <> and <>. |
…占用了之前的…区域的一部分，而其余部分则留给了…
1 | <> occupy part of the former <> area, whereas the rest of it has been left for <>. |
很明显…和…的位置也发生了互换
1 | It is also apparent that <> and <> have swapped their positions. |
范文
The two maps present a comparison of the layout of Porth Harbour in 2000 and its current form, highlighting notable changes in land use and infrastructure.
用 current form 代替表达 layout nowadays；land use 和 infrastructure 是宏观描述
Overall, the harbour has been extensively redeveloped, with new cafés, shops, showers and toilets added in the south, while the disused castle has been transformed into a hotel. It is also apparent that the marina and the fishing boats have swapped positions.
南部新咖啡馆、商铺、浴室和厕所；废弃堡垒改造为酒店；码头和渔船交换位置
In 2000, the harbour featured only a single block of showers and toilets in the northwest, with a marina and a dock immediately to its right. Below these were the car parks and fishing boats. There was a narrow road that ran from the main road to the lifeboat, beyond which stood a disused castle and a public beach.
港口在西北部只有一块给淋浴和厕所的区域，然后就是港口和码头在它的右边；在区域下面是汽车公园和渔船；一条窄路从主干道通往救生船，在远处则是废弃城堡和公共沙滩
Currently, a new shower and toilet section has been added between the two car parks. One notable change is the relocation of the marina and fishing boats, whereas the lifeboat and the dock still remain in their initial positions. Additionally, cafes and shops have also been constructed to the left side of the lifeboat. The road, which no longer leads to the car park, now extends to the hotel that used to be a castle, thereby converting the adjoining public beach into a private one.
现在一个新的地方给淋浴和厕所增加到了南部停车场的上面；港口和渔船的位置发生了改变，但是救生船和码头保持不变；咖啡和商铺新建在救生船的左边；道路不再通往汽车公园而是延伸到了曾经是城堡的酒店；因此把邻近的公共沙滩变为了私人的
The two maps compare the original floor plan of a public library from 20 years ago with its current layout.
20年前用介词 from
In general, remarkable additions include tables and chairs in the center, as well as an information desk and several self-service machines in the eastern wing. Although only minor modifications have been made to the overall layout, the functions of each room have been completely repurposed.
新增了各种设备在中间和东侧；虽然房间的布局没变，但是内部功能变了
Twenty years ago, the northwest corner served as a storage area for CDs, videos and computer games, while today it has been converted into a children block featuring several sofas and children’s fiction books. Meanwhile, the former children’s books section above the adult non-fiction books has become a lecture room above the adult fiction books.
二十年前西北角作为一个存储区域，现在变为儿童乐园；与此同时，先前在成人非科幻书上方的儿童书，变为了在成人科幻书上方的文学室
In the southwest corner, a computer room has been introduced, replacing the original reading room for newspapers and magazines. Notable additions include a cafe to the right of the entrance, with several self-service machines immediately to its north. Moreover, various services have been relocated from the old enquiry desk to the new information desk.
在南北角引入了一个电脑室，取代了先前的阅读室；显著变化包括新增咖啡室在入口右侧，并且有一些自助机紧靠在其北边；服务从先前的咨询台迁移到了信息台
The two maps compare the current layout of the Norbiton industrial area with its planned future development, highlighting the addition of new facilities and housings.
当前的布局可以用 the current layout of… 描述；
Overall, new infrastructure will be added, including a playground and school in the eastern wing, as well as shops and a medical centre in the central area. While the town and farmland remain in their original positions, factories are set to be removed.
新增了一堆新建筑；town 和 farmland 没变，工厂拆了
Currently, several factories line both sides of the eastern road, while the other factories are situated around the central roundabout. A river to the north separates the industrial area from the farmland beyond, whereas no road connects the two sites, leaving them isolated from each other.
一些工厂排在道路两侧，其他工程在环岛周围；一条河分割了农场和工业区；没有路连通他们，是彼此隔离
Under the future plan, various new infrastructure will be introduced, including shops and a medical centre at the heart of the town, as well as a playground and a school in the east. Notably, all existing factories will be replaced by housings, which will extend northward and westward, bringing these new residential buildings much more adjacent to the town and river. In addition, a new straight road is planned to be built from the center across the river to the northern edge, where further housing will be constructed, with farmland lying immediately to its right.
新基础设施会被引入；工厂会被房屋取代，并向西北延伸，更靠近城镇和小河；新建一条路跨越河流到达北边；新建一栋楼，紧靠其右边的是农场
流程图
引言
【格式】
类型 + 流程 + 对象
【表达】
- the process of [流程]
- how [原料] is transformed into [产品]
- the production cycle of [对象]
概述
最明显的特征包括：流程起点和终点、阶段数量、关键环节和整体走向
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 线性 + 阶段数量 | Overall, the process consists of [数量] key stages / several distinct stages, commencing with [起始阶段] and culminating in [结束阶段]. |
| 循环 + 流程性质 | In general, the manufacturing process is a closed-loop system, encompassing both physical and chemical transformations from raw material to final product. |
主体
【衔接】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 开始 | At the first stage |
| 中间 | Afterwards / Subsequently / Next / Following this |
| 一旦转换完成 | Once transition is complete, the resulting [对象] |
| 最后 | At the end of the process |
| 并未结束 | However, the process does not end here but continues as |
【动词】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 压碎 | crush |
| 研磨 | grind / be ground into |
| 劈砍 | chop |
| 压缩 | compress |
| 分解 | break down |
| 混合 | mix |
| 搅拌 | blend |
| 分离 | separate |
| 过滤 | filter |
| 提取 | extract |
| 加热 | heat up |
| 冷却 | cool down |
| 吸收 | absorb |
| 捕获 | capture |
| 释放 | release / discharge |
| 腐烂 | decay |
| 产生 | generate |
| 转换 | convert / transform |
| 回收 | recycle |
| 再利用 | reuse |
| 再加工 | reprocess |
| 融化 | melt |
| 溶解 | dissolve |
| 凝固 | solidfy |
| 冷冻 | freeze |
| 运输 | transport / deliver |
| 旋转 | rotate / spin / tumble |
| 倾倒 | pour |
| 包装 | package |
| 储存 | store |
| 密封 | seal |
| 贴标签 | label |
| 装瓶 | bottle |
| 抛光 | polish |
| 降解 | degrade |
| 提炼 | refine |
| 塑形 | mould |
| 组装 | assemble |
| 喂入 | feed |
【名词】
| 适用于 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 搅拌机 | mixer / blender |
| 研磨机 | grinder / mill |
| 加热器 | heater |
| 冷却器 | cooler |
| 渣块 | clinker |
| 石头 | stone |
| 粉末 | powder |
| 气体 | gas |
| 混合物 | mixture |
范文
The diagram illustrates the process of producing a biofuel called ethanol.
Overall, the manufacturing process consists of several distinct stages, commencing with plant cultivation and culminating in ethanol production. Furthermore, the carbon dioxide emitted by vehicles runnning on ethanol is then recycled to support plant growth.
乙醇的制作是一个完整的流程；随后被使用产生的二氧化碳能够被植物吸收利用
At the first stage, sunlight and carbon dioxide are absorbed by trees to drive their growth. The crops are then harvested by tractors and transported to a pre-processing facility. Next, a specialised machine is responsible for crushing and grinding the raw materials into cellulose, followed by the processing stage where a combination of physical and chemical methods is used to extract sugars.
首先被树吸收然后被拖拉机丰收，运到预处理设备；专门的机器会负责碾碎，接着是一系列化学和物理变换
Afterwards, with specific microbes added, these sugars are converted into ethanol. Once the transition is complete, the resulting biofuel is collected and bottled for use in cars, trucks and planes. However, the process does not end here but continues as the carbon dioxide emitted by vehicles is released into the atmosphere, which is subsequently captured and reused by plants, thereby forming a closed-loop system.
一旦转换完成，就会被用作燃料；然而，过程并没有终止，而是会被排放出去到大气层；最后被植物吸收重新利用
The two diagrams show the processes involved in producing cement and subsequently using it to manufacture concrete for building purposes.
Overall, the cement making process consists of several distinct stages from limestone and clay to cement packaged in bags, while the concrete production simply blends cement with other raw materials in the appropriate proportions in a rotating mixer.
水泥是线性流程；混凝土则是按比例混合
Turning first to cement production, limestone and clay are fed into a crusher, where they are ground into powder, followed by blending in a mixer for further combination. Next, a rotary machine is responsible for heating up the mixture at high temperature as well as tumbling it constantly. Once the former processes are complete, the resulting clinker is grinded by a mill to produce the final cement, which is then packaged in bags for distribution.
先被喂入压碎机，然后放入搅拌机，接着放入旋转加热器；最后放入碾碎机制作成水泥，并包装分发
As for concrete production, the cement previously produced, together with water, sand and gravel, is combined in a concrete mixer in precise percentages, with cement, water and sand accounting for 15%, 10% and 25% respectively, and gravel constituting the remainder. Finally, the concrete is ready for building after thorough mixing.
先前制作的水泥和其他原材料按照精确比例进行混合，最后搅拌得到的混凝土可以用于建设
